Active Faraday optical frequency standards

We propose the mechanism of active Faraday optical clock, and experimentally demonstrate active Faraday optical frequency standards based on 852 nm narrow bandwidth Faraday atomic filter by the method of velocity-selective optical pumping of cesium vapor. The center frequency of the active Faraday optical frequency standards is determined by the cesium 6 $^{2}S_{1/2}$ $F$ = 4 to 6 $^{2}P_{3/2}$ $F'$ = 4 and 5 crossover transition line. The optical heterodyne beat between two similar independent setups shows that the frequency linewidth reaches 996(26) Hz, which is 5.3 $\times$ 10$^{3}$ times smaller than the natural linewidth of the cesium 852 nm transition line. The maximum emitted light power reaches 75 \upmuW. The active Faraday optical frequency standards reported here have advantages of narrow linewidth and reduced cavity pulling, which can readily be extended to other atomic transition lines of alkali and alkaline-earth metal atoms trapped in optical lattices at magic wavelengths, making it useful for new generation of optical atomic clocks.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Anisotropy in Inflation with Non-minimal Coupling

We study a new anisotropic inflation model, with an inflaton field nonminimally coupled with the gravity and a vector field. We find that the anisotropic attractor solution exists not only in the weak curvature coupling limit, but more interestingly in the strong curvature coupling limit as well. We show that in the strong curvature coupling limit, the contribution from the anisotropy is greatly suppressed.Comment: V2, 12 pages, 3 figures, numerical analysis adde

An Empirical Study of China's Participation in the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism: 2001-2010

On 11 December 2001, China officially became a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) after years of negotiations. The paper shows how a major developing country has used the WTO dispute settlement system by examining China's participation in the WTO dispute settlement mechanism from its entry through 31 December 2010. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the WTO dispute cases in which China has participated as a complainant, a respondent, or a third part